About Cord Blood
What is cord blood?
Cord blood, also called “placental blood”, is blood that remains in the umbilical cord and placenta following the birth of a baby. During pregnancy, the umbilical cord functions as a lifeline between mother and child. After a baby’s delivery, the cord blood present in the umbilical cord could offer hope for the child or members of the family.What are cord blood stem cells?
Cord blood is a rich source of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are primarily responsible for replenishing blood and regenerating the immune system. They have the unique ability to differentiate into various cell types found in blood as depicted in the diagram below:and immune cells
Red Blood
Carry oxygen to all cells in body
Why Bank Cord Blood
Top 5 reasons why you should consider cord blood banking
- 1 in 217 individuals may need a haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) transplant by the age of 70 according to a scientific paper published in 2008.
- It is once-in-a-lifetime chance to collect cord blood – a readily available source when needed in the future.
- 60% higher chance of locating a matching cord blood unit in the family versus bone marrow.
- Research showed that patients have a lower chance of complications in transplants when they receive stem cells from a relative.
- Some of the most common cancers are treatable with a stem cell transplant. For instance, lymphoma and leukaemia are two of the top 10 common cancers for adults and among the top 5 most common childhood cancers in India.
Cord Blood Processing
Stem cell isolation is a critical step in cord blood banking. It affects the number of stem cells that can be harvested or recovered from the cord blood. Cell recovery rates are critical because a higher number of stem cells could enhance the success of the transplant or treatment.
How Are Stem Cells Used
Stem Cell Transplantation
This is done to reconstitute a patient's blood and immune system, following treatments such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, which destroys blood cells.
The stem cells are infused directly into the patient's bloodstream, which migrate to the bone marrow. Inside the bone marrow environment, the stem cells begin differentiating into the three blood cell types - red blood, white blood and platelets. This initiates the regeneration of the patient's blood and immune system.
- The first cord blood transplant was performed in 1988 in France, which successfully treated a 5-year old boy with Fanconi's Anaemia. To date there have been more than 30,000 cord blood stem cell transplants reported worldwide.
Cellular Therapies
Many newer applications are still undergoing development. In some cases, like spinal cord injury and heart attacks, the cells are directly injected into the damaged tissues. Some of the benefits experienced appear to be due to new blood vessel formation, which restores blood flow to damaged tissue.As these treatments develop, we expect to see cord blood stem cells used in different ways. In some cases, the stem cells will be treated in the laboratory to make new cell types before use. In other cases, they will be delivered directly into the damaged tissue.DISEASES TREATED WITH STEM CELLS
Haematological Disorders
Haematological Stem Cell Disorders- Aplastic Anaemia (Severe)
- Fanconi Anaemia
- Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH)
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)
- Acute Myelogenous Leukaemia (AML)
- Acute Biphenotypic Leukaemia
- Acute undifferentiated Leukaemia
- Acute Myelo-monocytic Leukaemia
- Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
- Juvenile chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia
- Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukaemia
- Acute myelofibrosis
- Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia
- Polycythaemia Vera
- Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- Hodgkin’s disease
- Prolymphocytic leukaemia
- Chronic Granulomatous disease
- Neutrophil actin deficiency
- Reticular dysgenesis
- Refractory Anaemia
- Refractory Anaemia with ring sideroblasts
- Refractory Anaemia with excess blasts
- Refractory anaemia with excess blasts in transformation
- Chronic myelo-monocytic leukaemia
- Beta Thalassaemia Major
- HbE Beta Thalassaemia
- Pure Red Cell Aplasia
- Sickle Cell Disease
- Amegakaryocytosis - I
- Congenital thrombocytopenia
- Glanzmann thromboasthenia
- Essential Thrombocythaemias
- Familial erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
- Histiocytosis X
- Haemophagocytosis
Metabolic Disorders
Liposomal Storage Disease- Mucopolysaccharidosis
- Hurlers Syndrome
- Hunters Syndrome
- Scheie syndrome
- Sanfillipo syndrome
- Morquio syndrome
- Macroteaux-Lamy syndrome
- Sly syndrome
- Beta Glucuronidase deficiency
- Adrenoleukodystrophy
- Mucolipidosis II
- Krabbe disease
- Gauchers disease
- Niemann-Pick disease
- Wolman disease
- Metachromatic leukodystrophy
Immunological Disorders
Phagocytic disorders- Chediak-Higashi syndrome
- Ataxia – telangiectasia
- Kostmann syndrome
- Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
- DiGeorge syndrome
- Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome
- Omonn’s syndrome
- Severe combined immune deficiency
- SCID with adenosine deaminase deficiency
- Absence of T & B cells SCID
- Absence of Tcells, Normal B Cells SCID
- Common variable immune deficiency
- Wiscott Aldrich Syndrome
- X-linked Lymphoproliferative disorder
- Multiple Myeloma
- Plasma cell leukaemia
- Waldenstorm’s macroglobulinemia
- Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
- Cartilage-hair hypoplasia
- Osteopetrosis
Other malignancies
Breast Cancer- Metastatic Breast Cancer
- Inflammatory Breast Cancer
- Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Rational of High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant
High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant is a way of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacingblood - forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment. Stem cells (immature blood cells) are removed from the blood, bone marrow of the patient or a donor or umbilical cord blood are frozen and stored. After the chemotherapy is completed, the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion. These reinfused stem cells grow into (and restore) the body’s blood cells.- Ewings sarcoma
- Childhood Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors
- Childhood Extra-cranial Germ Cell Tumors
- Renal Cell Carcinoma
- Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
How Is Cord Blood Collected
Collection of your baby’s cord blood
After the baby is born, the umbilical cord will be clamped and within minutes, the obstetrician or caregiver will drain the cord blood into a sterile double-wrapped single-use blood bag. This procedure is painless and risk-free to both you and your baby. It takes about 3 minutes and does not alter the birthing process in any way. It can be done with either a vaginal or caesarean delivery.
The Future of Stem Cells
Future application of cord blood stem cells
The list of stem cell treatable diseases continues to grow at a rapid pace. With the potential to become different cell types, scientists are exploring the possibility of using cord blood stem cells to treat some of the most common life-threatening diseases such as heart diseases and stroke. Thus, saving your baby’s cord blood now can ensure your child's access to his/her own stem cells for such cellular therapy in the future.
White Blood
Fight Injection
Platelets
Assist blood clotting in case of injury
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